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Fungi is a Kingdom of wildlife that combines eukaryotic organisms that combine some of the characteristics of both plants and animals. Divided into edible, non-edible and conditionally edible (but our topic is not the case, so we will not focus on these categories).
For a long time fungi were related to plants, with which of them brings the ability to unlimited growth, the presence of the cell wall, adsorbtive food, for which they have a very large external surface (not phagocytosis and pinocytosis), and inability to move. But due to the lack of chlorophyll, the fungi are devoid of inherent plant's ability to photosynthesize and have the characteristic of animals heterotrophic type of feeding, delaying glycogen and not starch as a storage substance, the basis of the cell wall is chitin, not cellulose (except oomycetes), is used in the metabolism of urea — all this brings them closer to the animals. And from animals and from plants they are distinguished by the presence of many of the groups decuriones phase and perforations in the intercellular partition.
It is characteristic for mushrooms external digestion, that is, first in the environment containing nutrients include enzymes that cleave in vitro digestible polymers to monomers, which are absorbed into the cytoplasm. Some fungi are able to identify all major types of digestive enzymes — proteases that break down proteins; lipase, which breaks down fats; carbohydrase that breaks down polysaccharides, so they are able to settle on almost any substrate.
Very high biological and ecological diversity of fungi. This is one of the largest and most diverse groups of living organisms that have become an integral part of all aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. According to modern estimates, the Earth exists from 100 to 250 thousand, and by some estimates up to 1.5 million species of fungi.
Some of them look quite unusual and can be mistaken for a manifestation of the mystical phenomenon. For example, the mycelium can be adopted for the phenomenon of "circles, no fields," some species of fungi glow and can be mistaken for a Ghost or a wisp, and fungi are toxic and can cause a person mental or neurological symptoms.
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Antarus Archer (LVL. Clathrus archeri) is a species of fungi of the genus Reshetochki (lat. Clathrus) family Veselkovyj. Because of its unusual shape, the people got the name Fingers of the Devil.His birthplace is Australia and Tasmania, however, is sometimes also found in Europe.
The Mature mushroom has 4 — 8 "fingers" with black areas like the suction cups of the octopus, which emit a bad smell, like rotten meat and attract flies. The flies spread the spores and thus the fungus proliferates.
Old age, this fungus loses its bright color and becomes like a monster hand, got out of the earth's strata.
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It is worth noting that the name dead man's Fingers is not rigidly assigned to any one species of fungi, although often referred to as the fungus Xylaria polymorpha. Sometimes this name is used for another species of Xylaria. Many of them also possess a certain similarity with the hand of a dead man.
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Lens of Time: Slime Lapse | bioGraphic
Author: bioGraphicMagazine Published: 20 Jun. 2016
The protective mucosal slime mold or fungi - single-celled organisms belonging to the protozoa, which do not have a brain, but they do have some form of memory.
They look like a mucous mass without solid integument, which scientists called "Plasmodium". The slime mold is continuously spreading in different directions in the form of tiny processes, which tries to find food (after which it begins to absorb nutrients through the cell membrane).
Previously, scientists took the slime mold to the Kingdom of fungi, but these organisms are now referred to as "mushroom-like organisms". On the day the slime mold is able to spread its "tentacles" at a distance of a few centimeters, carefully feeling the world around him. Scientists have been trying to understand whether this body some semblance of intelligence or movement of the slime mold does not controlled. In this video we demonstrate a series of experiments, the purpose of which is to attempt to answer this question.
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Tremella fuciformis is an edible mushroom of the genus Tremella. In China, the mushroom called silver ear or snow ear (雪耳 - xuě ěr), and in Japan, white wood ear. Fruit body resembles seaweed with its many branches, the structure resembles a translucent white gelatin. Mushroom reaches a size of 7.5 cm.
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Sparassis crispa (Sparassis crispa(Wulfen) Fr.). This species is included in Red book of Russia. The kind of parasitic, derevorazrushayuschie. Fruiting bodies appear at the base of the trunks and stumps of conifers (pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch).
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Elvik comb, or "lion's mane" (Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers.) — a very interesting similarity with a lion's mane. This mushroom grows in Primorye, in the Crimea and in the foothill regions of the Caucasus. It is found in deciduous forests from August to October. Listed in the "Red book".
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Golovach giant (Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd). Fruit body up to 50 cm It can be found on edges of deciduous and mixed forests, fields, meadows, steppes, and even in gardens and parks.
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"Cigar devil" or "star of Texas" (Chorioactis geaster (Peck) Kupfer ex Eckblad). The mushroom represents something like a brown capsule that resembles a cigar. This fungus spreads 3-6 rays with a characteristic hissing and whistling in the spreading of spores, like smoke from a cigar. Once the fungus spores reveals — he becomes like a star.
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lukovica amethyst (Laccaria amethystina (Huds.) Cooke, "Deceptive amethyst") is striking for its purple color (with age, the violet color disappears).
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"Lady with veil", or bamboo fungus (Phallus indusiatus Vent.). The fungus uses the "veil" to attract the flies - peddlers in the dispute.
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Bloody tooth or Hydnellum Peck (Hydnellum peckii). It can be found in the autumn in coniferous (spruce and pine) forests of North America, Pacific Northwest, Europe, Iran and Korea.
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Clathrus red, or reshetochki. Derevorazrushayuschie inedible mushroom that can be found in southern areas with a mild climate.
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Clavaria Zollinger, or coral fungus (Clavaria zollingeri Lév.). For Europe it is a rare species included in the red list of species Denmark and the UK, in Ireland it is used as indicator species to assess the diversity of fungi poor substrates meadows.
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Earth star (Geastrum rufescens) is reminiscent of mushrooms-raincoats, and differ mainly only in the presence of "stars"-the substrate, which is revealed as soon as the fungus appears from under the ground.
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Marine fungus (Aseroe rubra) is quite common in Australia. Mushroom that exudes a smell of rotten meat, which attracts flies (spread its spores).
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Mutinous dog (Mutinus caninus) is derived from the Roman phallic deity Mutinus Mutunus, which means "like a dog". The fungus included in the Red book and, though very rare, can be found from July to October in Karelia, Leningrad, Stavropol and Tomsk regions, Primorsky and Krasnodar Krai, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia, as well as North America. Loves rotten wood, stumps, sawdust.
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Bird's nest (Nidulariaceae). This moldy fungus is mostly found in New Zealand. Form, through which the fungus gets its name, is the original decision for distribution to the dispute. Eggs-disputes accumulates rainwater, in the end, this "egg" breaks and shoots spores at distances up to 1 meter.
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Podelnik odnotsvetkovy (Monotropa uniflora), growing under the canopy of a dark forest. The dead-pale color of its shoots is due to the lack of chlorophyll, which the plant does not need in connection with a special type of nutrition. For its unusual color and shape, the podelnik is called in English "ghost plant" ("ghost plant") or "spirit flower" (ghost plant) or "corpse flower" (corpse plant), as well as "ghost pipe" (ghost pipe) and "Indian pipe" (Indian pipe).
Despite the name, podelnik lives not only in coniferous forests. The main condition for its growth is the presence of a dense litter of plant litter, which ensures the vital activity of the saprotroph fungus. And here we come to the most interesting feature of this plant — its way of eating. Podelniki do not produce nutrients independently in the process of photosynthesis (we remember that they do not have chlorophyll), but get them ready-made from the fungal hyphae with which they are connected underground.
Podelniki often grow in the form of witch rings, which is explained by their interaction with fungi. Rings are the result of radial growth of mycelium and are characteristic of many groups of cap fungi, as well as of mycoheterotrophs dependent on them.
The source of the text: elementy.ru
Photo:
The photo was taken in the Redwood National Forest in California. Taken in the rain.
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